What Is ChatGPT and How Does It Work?

OpenAI debuted ChatGPT, a long-form question-answering AI that answers complex questions in a conversational manner.

It's a game-changing technology because it's been trained to understand what humans mean when they ask questions.

Many users are impressed by its ability to provide human-quality responses, raising the possibility that it could one day disrupt how humans interact with computers and change how information is retrieved.

What Exactly Is ChatGPT?

ChatGPT is an OpenAI-developed large language model chatbot based on GPT-3.5. It has an amazing ability to interact in the form of a conversational dialogue and provide responses that can appear surprisingly human.

The task of predicting the next word in a series of words is performed by large language models.

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) is an additional layer of training that uses human feedback to help ChatGPT learn to follow directions and generate human-satisfactory responses.

Who Created ChatGPT?

OpenAI, a San Francisco-based artificial intelligence company, created ChatGPT. The non-profit OpenAI Inc. is the for-profit OpenAI LP's parent company.

OpenAI is well-known for its DALLE, a deep-learning model that generates images from text instructions known as prompts.

Sam Altman, the former president of Y Combinator, is the CEO.

Microsoft has invested $1 billion as a partner and investor. They collaborated to create the Azure AI Platform.

Models of Large Languages

ChatGPT is a comprehensive language model (LLM). Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained using massive amounts of data to predict which word will appear next in a sentence.

It was discovered that increasing the amount of data increased the language models' ability to do more.

Stanford University claims:

"GPT-3 contains 175 billion parameters and was trained on 570 gigabytes of text. In comparison, GPT-2 was over 100 times smaller, with 1.5 billion parameters.

This increase in scale drastically alters the model's behavior: GPT-3 can now perform tasks on which it was not explicitly trained, such as translating sentences from English to French, with few to no training examples.

In GPT-2, this behavior was mostly absent. Furthermore, for some tasks, GPT-3 outperforms models explicitly trained to solve those tasks, while falling short in others."

LLMs predict the next word in a series of words in a sentence, as well as the next sentences - similar to autocomplete, but on a much larger scale.

They can write paragraphs and entire pages of content thanks to this ability.

However, LLMs have limitations in that they do not always understand what a human wants.

With the aforementioned Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) training, ChatGPT outperforms the competition.

How Did ChatGPT Get Trained?

GPT-3.5 was trained on massive amounts of code and information from the internet, including sources such as Reddit discussions, to assist ChatGPT in learning dialogue and achieving a human-like response style.

ChatGPT was also trained using human feedback (a technique known as Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback), which taught the AI what humans expected when they asked a question. This method of training the LLM is revolutionary because it goes beyond simply teaching the LLM to predict the next word.

ChatGPT differs from other chatbots in that it was specifically trained to understand the human intent behind a question and provide helpful, truthful, and harmless responses.

ChatGPT may challenge certain questions and discard parts of the question that do not make sense as a result of that training.

Another ChatGPT-related research paper demonstrates how they trained the AI to predict what humans preferred.

The researchers discovered that the metrics used to rate the outputs of natural language processing AI produced machines that performed well on the metrics but did not match what humans expected.

The researchers explained the problem as follows:

"Many machine learning applications optimize simple metrics that are only rough approximations of what the designer intends. This can cause issues, such as YouTube recommendations that promote click-bait."

As a result, their solution was to create an AI that could output answers that were optimized for what humans preferred.

To accomplish this, they trained the AI using datasets of human comparisons of different answers, so that the machine became better at predicting what humans considered satisfactory answers.

According to the paper, training was done by summarising Reddit posts and was also tested on summarising news.

The February 2022 research paper is titled Learning to Summarize from Human Feedback.

According to the researchers:

"In this work, we show that it is possible to significantly improve summary quality by training a model to optimize for human preferences.

We collect a large, high-quality dataset of human summarization comparisons, train a model to predict the human-preferred summary, and use that model as a reward function to fine-tune a summarization policy using reinforcement learning."

What are ChatGPT's limitations?

Toxic Response Limitations

ChatGPT is specifically programmed not to respond in a toxic or harmful manner. As a result, it will avoid answering such questions.

The quality of the answers is determined by the quality of the directions.

One significant limitation of ChatGPT is that the output quality is dependent on the input quality. In other words, expert instructions (prompts) produce better results.

Answers Aren't Always Right

Another limitation is that, because it has been trained to provide answers that feel right to humans, the answers may deceive humans into believing that the output is correct.

Many users discovered that ChatGPT can give incorrect answers, some of which are wildly incorrect.

The moderators of the coding Q&A website Stack Overflow may have discovered an unintended consequence of human-like answers.

Stack Overflow was inundated with user responses generated by ChatGPT that appeared to be correct, but many were incorrect.

The volunteer moderator team was overwhelmed by the thousands of answers, prompting administrators to ban any users who posted answers generated by ChatGPT.

The flood of ChatGPT responses prompted the creation of a post titled: Temporary policy: ChatGPT is banned:

"This is a temporary policy designed to slow the influx of answers and other content created with ChatGPT.

The main issue is that, while the answers produced by ChatGPT are frequently incorrect, they typically "look like" they "might" be good"

The experience of Stack Overflow moderators with incorrect ChatGPT answers that appear to be correct is something that OpenAI, the creators of ChatGPT, is aware of and warns about in their announcement of the new technology.

OpenAI Explains ChatGPT's Limitations

The OpenAI announcement included the following caveat:

"ChatGPT occasionally writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or illogical responses.

It is difficult to resolve this problem because:

There is currently no source of truth during RL training;

training the model to be more cautious leads to it declining questions that it can correctly answer; and

Supervised training misleads the model because the ideal answer is determined by the model rather than the human demonstrator."

Is it possible to use ChatGPT for free?

ChatGPT is currently available for free during the "research preview" period.

Users can now try out the chatbot and provide feedback on the responses so that the AI can improve at answering questions and learn from its mistakes.

According to the official announcement, OpenAI is eager to receive feedback on the errors:

"While we have made efforts to make the model refuse inappropriate requests, it will occasionally respond to harmful instructions or exhibit biased behavior.

We're using the Moderation API to warn about and block certain types of unsafe content, but we expect some false negatives and positives for the time being.

We're eager to collect user feedback to help us improve this system."

Will Language Models Eventually Replace Google Search?

Google has already developed an AI chatbot called LaMDA. Google's chatbot's performance was so close to a human conversation that a Google engineer claimed LaMDA was sentient.

Is it fanciful to think that a company like OpenAI, Google, or Microsoft will one day replace traditional search with an AI chatbot, given how these large language models can answer so many questions?

The possibility that a question-and-answer chatbot will one day replace Google is terrifying to those who work in search marketing.

It sparked debate in online search marketing communities such as the popular Facebook SEOSignals Lab, where someone wondered if searches would shift away from search engines and toward chatbots.

After using ChatGPT, I can say that the fear of search being replaced by a chatbot is not unfounded.

Although the technology has a long way to go, it is possible to imagine a hybrid search and chatbot future for search.

However, the current ChatGPT implementation appears to be a tool that, at some point, will require the purchase of credits to use.

How Does ChatGPT Work?

ChatGPT can write code, poems, songs, and even short stories in an author's style.

ChatGPT's ability to follow instructions elevates it from an information source to a tool that can be asked to complete a task.

This makes it suitable for writing essays on virtually any subject.

ChatGPT can be used to create outlines for articles or even entire novels.

It will respond to almost any task that can be answered with written text.

Conclusion

As previously stated, ChatGPT is envisioned as a tool for which the general public will eventually have to pay.

Within the first five days of its public launch, over a million people registered to use ChatGPT.

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